Redactable Blockchain Research Reviews

doi:10.3778/j.issn.1002-8331.2403-0394

Abstract

Abstract: Redactable blockchains can modify on-chain data in a controlled manner, effectively overcoming the limitations brought about by blockchain immutability and providing a more flexible data storage scheme. This paper first studies the current mainstream redactable blockchain technology, sorts out and analyzes the existing redactable blockchain schemes, and divides them into four categories according to the ownership of the redactable blockchain, the validity of the redactable blockchain, the structure of the blockchain and the access strategy, and summarizes and analyzes the core ideas, advantages and disadvantages of each scheme. Then, the application of redactable blockchain is introduced in detail from the two fields of Internet of Things and identity authentication, and the advantages of redactable blockchain scheme are highlighted compared with other schemes. Then this paper analyzes the problems that need to be solved in the field of redactable blockchain, and discusses the development trend of redactable blockchain. Finally, the thesis is summarized.

Key words: blockchain, redactable blockchain, chameleon hash, decentralization

摘要： 可编辑区块链能够以可控方式修改链上数据，有效地克服区块链不可篡改性所带来的局限性，提供一种更加灵活的数据存储方案。对当前主流的可编辑区块链技术进行研究，对现有的可编辑区块链方案进行整理和分析，按照基于编辑所属权、基于编辑权限有效性、基于区块链结构以及基于访问策略分为四类，总结分析了每种方案的核心思想以及优缺点；从物联网和身份认证两个领域详细介绍可编辑区块链的应用情况，并与其他方案对比，突出可编辑区块链方案的优势；分析当前可编辑区块链领域尚需解决的问题，探讨可编辑区块链的发展趋势；对全文进行总结。

关键词: 区块链, 可编辑区块链, 变色龙哈希, 去中心化

ZHANG Chicheng, LI Leixiao, DU Jinze, SHI Jianping. Redactable Blockchain Research Reviews[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 2024, 60(18): 32-49.

张驰骋, 李雷孝, 杜金泽, 史建平. 可编辑区块链研究综述[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2024, 60(18): 32-49.

References

[1] 李娟娟, 袁勇, 王飞跃. 基于区块链的数字货币发展现状与展望[J]. 自动化学报, 2021, 47(4): 715-729.
LI J J, YUAN Y, WANG F Y. Blockchain-based digital currency: the state of the art and future trends[J]. Acta Automatica Sinica, 2021, 47(4): 715-729.
[2] 刘媛妮, 李奕, 陈山枝. 基于区块链的车联网安全综述[J]. 中国科学: 信息科学, 2023, 53(5): 841-877.
LIU Y N, LI Y, CHEN S Z. A survey of Internet of vehicles/vehicle to everything security based on blockchain[J]. Scientia Sinica Informtionis, 2023, 53(5): 841-877.
[3] 陶雪晴, 刘立新, 张晓琳, 等. 基于区块链的医疗数据流共享[J]. 计算机工程与设计, 2023, 44(6): 1635-1641.
TAO X Q, LIU L X, ZHANG X L, et al. Medical data stream sharing based on blockchain[J]Computer Engineering and Design, 2023, 44(6): 1635-1641.
[4] ABAD-SEGURA E, INFANTE-MORO A, GONZáLEZ-ZAMAR M D, et al. Blockchain technology for secure accounting management: research trends analysis[J]. Mathematics-Basel, 2021, 9(14): 1631.
[5] 许金叶. 区块链技术与会计融合的可能性、落脚点及需解决的问题[J]. 财务与会计, 2021 (4): 36-39.
XU J Y. The possibility, foothold and problems to be solved of the integration of blockchain technology and accounting[J]. Finance & Accounting, 2021(4): 36-39.
[6] BISWAS D, JALALI H, ANSARIPOOR A H, et al. Traceability vs. sustainability in supply chains: the implications of blockchain[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2023, 305(1): 128-147.
[7] 葛丽娜, 徐婧雅, 王哲, 等. 区块链在供应链应用中的研究现状与挑战[J].计算机应用, 2023, 43(11): 3315-3326.
GE L N, XU J Y, WANG Z, et al. Current research status and challenges of blookchain in supply chain applications[J]. Journal of Computer Applications, 2023, 43(11): 3315-3326.
[8] NGUYEN D C, DING M, PHAM Q V, et al. Federated learning meets blockchain in edge computing: opportunities and challenges[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2021, 8(16): 12806-12825.
[9] 黄敏敏, 袁凌云, 潘雪, 等. 边缘计算与区块多链下的安全可信认证模型[J]. 计算机科学与探索, 2023, 17(3): 733-747.
HUANG M M, YUAN L Y, PAN X, et al. Secure and trusted authentication model under edge computing and multi-blockchain[J]. Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology, 2023, 17(3): 733-747.
[10] KRAWCZYK H, RABIN T. Chameleon hashing and signatures[J]. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 1998.
[11] ATENIESE G, MAGRI B, VENTURI D, et al. Redactable blockchain-or-rewriting history in bitcoin and friends[C]//Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P), 2017: 111-126.
[12] POLITOU E, CASINO F, ALEPIS E, et al. Blockchain mutability: challenges and proposed solutions[J]. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing, 2021, 9(4): 1972-1986.
[13] 王利朋, 关志, 李青山, 等. 区块链数据安全服务综述[J]. 软件学报, 2023, 34(1): 1-32.
WANG L P, GUAN Z, LI Q S, et al. Survey on blockchain-based security services[J]. Journal of Sofeware, 2023, 34(1): 1-32.
[14] TANG Y, LEE P P C, LUI J C S, et al. FADE: secure overlay cloud storage with file assured deletion[C]//Proceedings of the Security and Privacy in Communication Networks. Berlin, Heidelberg：Springer, 2010: 380-397.
[15] MO Z, QIAO Y, CHEN S. Two-party fine-grained assured deletion of outsourced data in cloud systems[C]//Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 34th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Madrid, Spain, 30 June-3 July 2014: 308-317.
[16] 袁勇, 王飞跃. 可编辑区块链: 模型、技术与方法[J]. 自动化学报, 2020, 46(5): 831-846.
YUAN Y, WANG F Y. Editable blockchain: models, techniques and methods[J]. Acta Automatica Sinica, 2020, 46(5): 831-846.
[17] ZHANG D, LE J, LEI X, et al. Exploring the redaction mechanisms of mutable blockchains: a comprehensive survey[J]. International Journal of Intelligent Systems, 2021, 36(9): 5051-5084.
[18] 罗彬, 温金明, 吴永东, 等. 可编辑区块链的研究现状与挑战[J]. 信息安全学报, 2023, 8(4): 62-84.
LUO B, WEN J M, WU Y D, et al. State of the art and challenges of redactable blockchain[J]. Journal of Cyber Security, 2023, 8(4): 62-84.
[19] PALM E, SCHELEN O, BODIN U. Selective blockchain transaction pruning and state derivability[C]//Proceedings of the 2018 Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology (CVCBT), 2018: 31-40.
[20] FLORIAN M, HENNINGSEN S, BEAUCAMP S, et al. Erasing data from blockchain nodes[C]//Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops (EuroS&PW), 2019: 367-376.
[21] SHAMIR A. How to share a secret[J]. Communications of the ACM, 1979, 22(11): 612-613.
[22] 陈幻, 王意洁. 一种面向公有链的轻量级可扩展技术[J].计算机研究与发展, 2020, 57(7): 1555-1567.
CHEN H, WANG Y J. A lightweight scalable protocol for public blockchain[J]. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 2020, 57(7): 1555-1567.
[23] ASHRITHA K, SINDHU M, LAKSHMY K V. Redactable blockchain using enhanced chameleon hash function[C]//Proceedings of the 2019 5th International Conference on Advanced Computing & Communication Systems (ICACCS), 2019: 323-328.
[24] 李佩丽, 徐海霞, 马添军, 等. 可更改区块链技术研究[J]. 密码学报, 2018, 5(5): 501-509.
LI P L, XU H X, MA T J, et al. Research on fault-correcting blockchain technology[J]. Journal of Cryptologic Research, 2018, 5(5): 501-509.
[25] 赵晓琦, 张正昊, 李勇. 可编辑且可追责的区块链方案[J]. 信息安全学报, 2022, 7(5): 19-28.
ZHAO X Q, ZHANG Z H, LI Y. An editable and accountable blockchain scheme[J]. Journal of Cyber Security, 2022, 7(5): 19-28.
[26] 任艳丽, 翟梦娟, 胡明琪. 支持恶意惩罚的公平可编辑区块链方案[J]. 西安电子科技大学学报, 2023, 50(1): 203-212.
REN Y L, ZHAI M J, HU M Q. Fair redactable blockchain supporting malicious punishment[J]. Journal of Xidian University, 2023, 50(1): 203-212.
[27] 吕伟龙, 魏松杰, 于铭慧, 等. 面向可信联盟的区块链账本可验证修改方法研究[J]. 计算机学报, 2021, 44(10): 2016-2032.
LV W L, WEI S J, YU M H, et al. Research on verifiable blockchain ledger redaction method for trusted consortium[J]. Chinese Journal of Computers, 2021, 44(10): 2016-2032.
[28] 赖明曦, 杜瑞颖, 陈晶, 等. 一种去中心化且可追责的可编辑区块链方案[J/OL]. 武汉大学学报(理学版): 1-8 (2023-06-27) [2023-09-20]. https://doi.org/10.14188/j.1671-8836. 2023.0063.
LAI M X, DU R Y, CHEN J, et al. A decentralized and accountable redactble blockchain schene[J/OL]. Journal of Wuhan University (Natural Science Edition): 1-8 (2023-06-27) [2023-09-20]. https://doi.org/10.14188/j.1671-8836.2023. 0063.
[29] 高伟, 陈利群, 唐春明, 等. 一次变色龙哈希函数及其在可修正区块链中的应用[J]. 计算机研究与发展, 2021, 58(10): 2310-2318.
GAO W, CHEN L Q, TANG C M, et al. One-time chameleon hash function and its application in redacable blockchain[J]. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 2021, 58(10): 2310-2318.
[30] XU S, NING J, MA J, et al. K-time modifiable and epoch-based redactable blockchain[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2021, 16: 4507-4520.
[31] WEI J, ZHU Q, LI Q, et al. A redactable blockchain framework for secure federated learning in industrial internet of things[J]. IEEE Internet Things, 2022, 9(18): 17901-17911.
[32] JIA Y, SUN S F, ZHANG Y, et al. Redactable blockchain supporting supervision and self-management[C]//Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2021: 844-858.
[33] LI J H, MA H, WANG J B, et al. Wolverine: a scalable and transaction-consistent redactable permissionless blockchain[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2023, 18: 1653-1666.
[34] PUDDU I, DMITRIENKO A, CAPKUN S J C E A. μchain: how to forget without hard forks[J]. Cryptology ePrint Archive, 2017.
[35] PARK S, KWON A, FUCHSBAUER G, et al. SpaceMint: a cryptocurrency based on proofs of space[C]//Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Nieuwpoort, Belgium, February 26- March 2, 2018. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2018: 480-499.
[36] 任艳丽, 徐丹婷, 张新鹏, 等. 基于门限环签名的可删除区块链[J]. 通信学报, 2019, 40(4): 71-82.
REN Y L, XU D T, ZHANG X P, et al. Deletable blockchain based on threshold ring signature[J]. Journal on Communications, 2019, 40(4): 71-82.
[37] ISSHIKI T, TANAKA K. An (n-t)-out-of-n threshold ring signature scheme[C]//Proceedings of the Information Security and Privacy, 2005: 406-416.
[38] 任艳丽, 徐丹婷, 张新鹏, 等. 可修改的区块链方案[J]. 软件学报, 2020, 31(12): 3909-3022.
REN Y L, XU D T, ZHANG X P, et al. Scheme of revisable blockchain[J]. Journal of Software, 2020, 31(12): 3099-3022.
[39] MARSALEK A, ZEFFERER T. A correctable public blockchain[C]//Proceedings of the 2019 18th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications/13th IEEE International Conference on Big Data Science and Engineering (TrustCom/BigDataSE), 2019: 554-561.
[40] DEUBER D, MAGRI B, THYAGARAJAN S A K. Redactable blockchain in the permissionless setting[C]//Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), 2019: 124-138.
[41] JIA M, CHEN J, HE K, et al. Redactable blockchain from decentralized chameleon hash functions[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2022, 17: 2771-2783.
[42] 庞俊, 刘晨, 郝琨, 等. 基于时序索引的可编辑区块链模型研究[J]. 计算机科学与探索, 2023, 17(5): 1180-1188.
PANG J, LIU C, HAO K, et al. Research on editable blockchain model based on temporal index[J]. Journal of Frontiers of Computer Science and Technology, 2023, 17(5): 1180-1188.
[43] 薛庆水, 薛震, 王晨阳, 等. 基于加法同态的可修改区块链方案[J]. 计算机应用研究, 2022, 39(11): 3232-3237.
XUE Q S, XUE Z, WANG C Y, et al. One modifiable blockchain scheme based on additive homomorphic encryption algorithm[J]. Application Research of Computers, 2022, 39(11): 2323-3237.
[44] HAN D, CHEN J, ZHANG L, et al. A deletable and modifiable blockchain scheme based on record verification trees and the multisignature mechanism[J]. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, 2021, 128(1): 223-245.
[45] TIAN G, WEI J, KUTY?OWSKI M, et al. VRBC: a verifiable redactable blockchain with efficient query and integrity auditing[J]. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 2023, 72(7): 1928-1942.
[46] DERLER D, SAMELIN K, SLAMANIG D, et al. Fine-grained and controlled rewriting in blockchains: chameleon-hashing gone attribute-based[C]//Proceedings of 2019 Network and Distributed System Security Symposium. VA: Internet Society, 2019: 1-15.
[47] BETHENCOURT J, SAHAI A, WATERS B, et al. Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption[C]//Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP’07), 2007: 321-334.
[48] TIAN Y, LI N, LI Y, et al. Policy-based chameleon hash for blockchain rewriting with black-box accountability[C]//Proceedings of the 36th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, 2020: 813-828.
[49] PANWAR G, VISHWANATHAN R, MISRA S. ReTRACe: revocable and traceable blockchain rewrites using attribute-based cryptosystems[C]//Proceedings of the 26th ACM Symposium on Access Control Models and Technologies, 2021: 103-114.
[50] MA J, XU S, NING J, et al. Redactable blockchain in decentralized setting[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2022, 17: 1227-1242.
[51] CHASE M. Multi-authority attribute based encryption[C]//Proceedings of the 4th Theory of Cryptography Conference(TCC 2007), Amsterdam, The Netherlands, February 21-24, 2007. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2007: 515-534.
[52] LEWKO A, WATERS B. Decentralizing attribute-based encryption[C]//Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2011: 568-588.
[53] HUANG K, ZHANG X S, MU Y, et al. Building redactable consortium blockchain for industrial Internet-of-things[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2019, 15(6): 3670-3679.
[54] HUANG K, ZHANG X S, MU Y, et al. Achieving intelligent trust-layer for internet-of-things via self-redactable blockchain[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2020, 16(4): 2677-2686.
[55] HUANG K, ZHANG X, MU Y, et al. Scalable and redactable blockchain with update and anonymity[J]. Information Sciences, 2021, 546: 25-41.
[56] ZHANG J, LU Y, LIU Y, et al. Serving at the edge: a redactable blockchain with fixed storage[C]//Proceedings of 17th International Conference on Web Information Systems and Applications (WISA 2020), Guangzhou, China, September 23-25, 2020: 654-667.
[57] XU J, XUE K, TIAN H, et al. An identity management and authentication scheme based on redactable blockchain for mobile networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2020, 69(6): 6688-6698.
[58] 朱艳艳, 李晟, 冯国瑞, 等. 基于可编辑区块链的指纹识别系统[J]. 应用科学学报, 2021, 39(2): 330-337.
ZHU Y Y, LI S, FENG G R, et al. Fingerprint recognition system based on editable blockchain[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences, 2021, 39(2): 330-337.
[59] XIAO F, LAI T, GUAN Y, et al. Application of blockchain sharding technology in Chinese medicine traceability system[J]. Computers, Materials and Continua, 2023, 76(1): 35-48.
[60] HUANG Y, XIE K, BHARADHWAJ H, et al. Continual model-based reinforcement learning with hypernetworks[C]//Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2021: 799-805.
[61] PLAAT A, KOSTERS W, PREUSS M. High-accuracy model-based reinforcement learning, a survey[J]. Artificial Intelligence Review, 2023, 56(9): 9541-9573.
[62] 常俊胜, 王怀民, 尹刚, 等. 一个非结构化P2P网络中基于信誉的激励机制[J]. 计算机工程与科学, 2009, 31(2): 135-140.
CHANG J S, WANG H M, YIN G, et al. A reputation-based incentive mechanism for unstructured P2P networks[J]. Computer Engineering & Science, 2009, 31(2): 135-140.
[63] 欧阳竟成, 林亚平, 周四望, 等. P2P网络中基于全局信任值的激励机制[J]. 系统仿真学报, 2013, 25(5): 1046-1052.
OUYANG J C, LIN Y P, ZHOU S W, et al. Incentive mechanism based on global trust values in P2P networks[J]. Journal of System Simulation, 2013, 25(5): 1046-1052.
[64] WU C H, KE L S, DU Y S. Quantum resistant key-exposure free chameleon hash and applications in redactable blockchain[J]. Information Sciences, 2021, 548: 438-449.
[65] 王杰昌, 刘玉岭, 张平, 等. 简短关联可编辑环签名及其区块链修正应用[J]. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2024, 50(6): 1911-1920.
WANG J C, LIU Y L, ZHANG P, et al. Short linkable-and-redactable ring signature and its blockchain correcting application[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2024, 50(6): 1911-1920.