Research on Optimization of Reward and Punishment Mechanism of PBFT

doi:10.3778/j.issn.1002-8331.2211-0144

Abstract

Abstract: The Alliance chain is the preferred blockchain scheme in the agricultural traceability industry. Aiming at the problems of low consensus security, high error probability of the primary node, and high communication overhead in the practical Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus algorithm of its core consensus mechanism, an improved practical Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus algorithm based on reward and punishment mechanism is proposed by introducing reward and punishment mechanism and grouping consensus mechanism. Firstly, the nodes are divided into four categories, and the node reputation rules are formulated to enhance the initiative of the nodes and reduce the participation of Byzantine nodes. Secondly, the qualification of malicious nodes to participate in consensus is excluded, and the reputation value and vote number of malicious nodes are counted. The nodes with good reputations are dynamically selected as consensus nodes. Moreover, according to the highest reputation value rule, the primary node is selected to improve the consensus security and reduce the probability of Byzantine nodes being elected as primary nodes. Finally, based on the PBFT consensus, the consensus process is simplified into two stages：intra-group consensus and global consensus. Based on the minimum number of broadcast messages, the optimal grouping is proposed to alleviate the problem of excessive communication caused by the increase of consensus nodes. Experimental results show that the scheme can effectively suppress Byzantine nodes, improve consensus security performance and reduce consensus cost.

Key words: blockchain, consensus algorithm, reward-punishment mechanism, group consensus

摘要： 联盟链是农业溯源行业的首选区块链方案，针对其核心共识机制实用拜占庭容错共识算法（PBFT）存在的共识安全性低、主节点出错概率大、通信开销大等问题，通过引入奖惩机制以及分组共识机制，提出了基于奖惩机制的改进实用拜占庭容错共识算法。把节点划分为4类，制定节点信誉规则，增强节点主动性，减少拜占庭节点的参与；剔除作恶节点参与共识资格，统计其余节点信誉值及票数，动态筛选信誉良好节点作为共识节点，并依据最高信誉值规则选取主节点，从而提升共识安全、降低拜占庭节点当选主节点概率；以PBFT共识为基础，将共识过程简化为组内共识及全局共识两个阶段，并基于最少广播消息数提出最优分组，缓解共识节点数目增多导致通信量过大的问题。实验结果表明，该方案能够有效抑制拜占庭节点，提升共识安全性能，降低共识成本。

关键词: 区块链, 共识算法, 奖惩机制, 分组共识

ZHANG Miao, LI Shaowen, WU Yuting, TU Lijing, ZHANG Lei, YANG Shangxiong. Research on Optimization of Reward and Punishment Mechanism of PBFT[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 2024, 60(7): 266-273.

张苗, 李绍稳, 吴雨婷, 涂立静, 张磊, 杨尚雄. 实用拜占庭容错共识算法的奖惩机制优化研究[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2024, 60(7): 266-273.

References

[1] WEI Y. Blockchain-based data traceability platform architecture for supply chain management[C]//2020 IEEE 6th Intl Conference on Big Data Security on Cloud (BigDataSecurity), IEEE Intl Conference on High Performance and Smart Computing, (HPSC) and IEEE Intl Conference on Intelligent Data and Security (IDS), 2020: 77-85.
[2] SUNNY J, UNDRALLA N, PILLAI V M. Supply chain transparency through blockchain-based traceability: an overview with demonstration[J]. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 2020, 150(3): 106895.
[3] XU X, ZHU D, YANG X, et al. Concurrent practical Byzantine fault tolerance for integration of blockchain and supply chain[J]. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology (TOIT), 2021, 21(1): 1-17.
[4] 李挥, 王菡. 区块链共识算法原理及应用——以多标识网络体系管理系统为例[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2019: 52-66.
LI H, WANG H. Principle and application of blockchain consensus algorithm: a case study of multi-identity network system management System[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2019: 52-66.
[5] CASTRO M, LISKOV B. Practical Byzantine fault tolerance[C]//Proceedings of the 1999 3rd Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation. Berkeley: USENIX Association, 1999: 173-186.
[6] 唐宏, 刘双, 酒英豪, 等. 实用拜占庭容错算法的改进研究[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2022, 58(9): 144-150.
TANG H, LIU S, JIU Y H, et al. Improved study of practical Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 202, 58(9): 144-150.
[7] 丁庭琛, 陈世平. 基于信用分级的PBFT共识算法改进方案[J]. 计算机系统应用, 2020, 29(9): 255-259.
DING T C, CHEN S P. Improved PBFT consensus mechanism based on credit-layered mechanism[J]. Computer System Applications, 2020, 29(9): 255-259.
[8] 覃兆祥. 区块链技术带给供应链管理的机遇与挑战[J]. 物流技术, 2020, 39(1): 17-20.
QIN Z X. Opportunities and challenges brought by blockchain technology to supply chain management[J]. Logistics Technology, 2020, 39(1): 17-20.
[9] 周健, 张杰, 闫石, 等. 基于动态信任的区块链激励共识机制研究[J]. 计算机应用研究, 2021, 38(11): 3231-3235.
ZHOU J, ZHANG J, YAN S, et al. Research on blockchain incentive consensus mechanism based on dynamic trust[J]. Computer Application Research, 2021, 38(11): 3231-3235.
[10] 任永旺, 段红军, 王振飞, 等. 融合可验证随机函数和门限签名的拜占庭容错共识算法[J]. 小型微型计算机系统, 2022, 43(7): 1484-1493.
REN Y W, DUAN H J, WANG Z F, et al. Byzantine fault tolerant consensus algorithm based on verifiable random function and threshold signature[J]. Journal of Chinese Computer Systems, 2022, 43(7): 1484-1493.
[11] 段靓, 吕鑫, 刘凡. 基于信任委托的区块链分层共识优化[J]. 计算机工程, 2020, 46(10): 120-130.
DUAN L, LYU X, LIU F. Blockchain hierarchical consensus optimization based on trust delegation[J]. Computer Engineering, 2020, 46(10): 120-130.
[12] FENG L, ZHANG H, CHEN Y, et al. Scalable dynamic multi-agent practical byzantine fault-tolerant consensus in permissioned blockchain[J]. Applied Sciences, 2018, 8(10): 1919.
[13] 陈忠贤, 李秦伟, 罗婧雯. 基于通信时间分组的PBFT算法改进[J]. 计算机与数字工程, 2021, 49(4): 711-717.
CHEN Z X, LI Q W, LUO J W. Improvement of PBFT algorithm based on communication time grouping[J]. Computer and Digital Engineering, 2021, 49(4): 711-717.
[14] 陈俊华, 张夏, 张珈铜, 等. 一种基于信誉与投票机制的改进PBFT共识方法: CN111355810A[P]. 2020-06-30.
CHEN J H, ZHANG X, ZHANG J T, et al. An improved PBFT consensus method based on reputation and voting mechanism: CN111355810A[P]. 2020-06-30.
[15] 余戈. 基于PBFT算法改进的区块链共识机制研究与实现[D]. 北京: 北京邮电大学, 2020.
YU G. Research and implementation of blockchain consensus mechanism based on PBFT algorithm improvement[D]. Beijing: Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2020.
[16] 刘泽坤, 王峰, 贾海蓉. 结合动态信用机制的PBFT算法优化方案[J]. 计算机工程, 2023, 49(2): 191-198.
LIU Z K, WANG F, JIA H R. Practical Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus algorithm dynamic credit mechanism[J]. Computer Engineering, 2023, 49(2): 191-198.