区块链系统性能优化关键方法综述

doi:10.3778/j.issn.1002-8331.2211-0457

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 区块链是结合分布式架构、密码学以及激励机制等方法构建的一个分布式系统，具有不可篡改性、去中心化和不可伪造性等特点，在不受信任的环境下可以实现安全的点对点交易，受到广泛关注。但是区块链技术存在着系统效能较低的问题，无法被大规模落地应用。从区块链的数据结构和发展趋势出发，对目前区块链存在的性能问题进行了分析。针对存在的问题，从链上扩容、链下扩容两方面进行归纳讨论。针对分片、有向无环图等主流方法，全面总结分析了目前区块链扩容技术的最新研究进展，并且在链上扩容部分加入了与深度强化学习相结合的优化方法。最后对未来的区块链优化方向提出了展望。

关键词: 区块链, 性能提升, 深度强化学习, 去中心化

Abstract: Blockchain is a distributed system built by combining distributed architecture, cryptography and incentive mechanism, which has the characteristics of immutability, decentralization and unforgeability, and can realize secure peer-to-peer transactions in an untrusted environment, so attracting widespread attention. However, blockchain technology has the problem of low system efficiency and cannot be applied on a large scale. Starting from the data structure and development trend of blockchain, the current performance problems are analyzed. The existing problems are summarized and discussed from two aspects of on-chain expansion and off-chain expansion. The latest research progress of the current blockchain expansion scheme technology is comprehensively expounded from the mainstream aspects such as sharding and directed acyclic graphs, and the optimization method combined with the deep reinforcement learning method is added to the on-chain expansion part. Finally, the future blockchain optimization direction is proposed.

Key words: blockchain, performance improvement, deep reinforcement learning, decentralization

宋传罡, 李雷孝, 高昊昱. 区块链系统性能优化关键方法综述[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2023, 59(16): 16-30.

SONG Chuangang, LI Leixiao, GAO Haoyu. Review of Key Technologies for Blockchain System Performance Optimization[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 2023, 59(16): 16-30.

参考文献

[1] MCBEE M P，WILCOX C.Blockchain technology：principles and applications in medical imaging[J].Journal of Digital Imaging，2020，33：726-734.
[2] 朱兴雄，何清素，郭善琪.区块链技术在供应链金融中的应用[J].中国流通经济，2018，32（3）：111-119.
ZHU X X，HE Q S，GUO S Q.On the role of blockchain technology in supply chain finance[J].China Circulation Economy，2018，32（3）：111-119.
[3] LI C，PALANISAMY B.Incentivized blockchain-based social media platforms：a case study of steemit[C]//Proceedings of the 10th ACM Conference on Web Science，2019：145-154.
[4] CHEN Y，LI H，LI K，et al.An improved P2P file system scheme based on IPFS and Blockchain[C]//2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data，2017：2652-2657.
[5] 曹雪莲，张建辉，刘波.区块链安全、隐私与性能问题研究综述[J].计算机集成制造系统，2021，27（7）：2078-2094.
CAO X L，ZHANG J H，LIU B.Review on security，privacy，and performance issues of blockchain[J].Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems，2021，27（7）：2078-2094.
[6] 曾诗钦，霍如，黄韬，等.区块链技术研究综述：原理、进展与应用[J].通信学报，2020，41（1）：134-151.
ZENG S Q，HUO R，HUANG T，et al.Survey of blockchain：principle，progress and application[J].Journal on Communications，2020，41（1）：134-151.
[7] WANG X，ZHA X，NI W，et al.Survey on blockchain for Internet of Things[J].Computer Communications，2019，136：10-29.
[8] XIA Q I，SIFAH E B，ASAMOAH K O，et al.MeDShare：trust-less medical data sharing among cloud service providers via blockchain[J].IEEE Access，2017，5：14757-14767.
[9] YUAN Y，NI X，ZENG S，et al.Blockchain consensus algorithms：the state of the art and future trends[J].Acta Automatica Sinica，2018，44（11）：2011-2022.
[10] LEPORE C，CERIA M，VISCONTI A，et al.A survey on blockchain consensus with a performance comparison of PoW，PoS and pure PoS[J].Mathematics，2020，8（10）：1782.
[11] KING S，NADAL S.PPCoin：peer-to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake[Z].2012.
[12] ZHENG X，FENG W.Research on practical byzantine fault tolerant consensus algorithm based on blockchain[J].Journal of Physics：Conference Series，2021，1802（3）：032022.
[13] GANGWANI P，PEREZ-PONS A，BHARDWAJ T，et al.Securing environmental IoT data using masked authentication messaging protocol in a DAG-based blockchain：IOTA tangle[J].Future Internet，2021，13（12）：312.
[14] WANG S，LI H，CHEN J，et al.DAG blockchain-based lightweight authentication and authorization scheme for IoT devices[J].Journal of Information Security and Applications，2022，66：103134.
[15] DONG Z，ZHENG E，CHOON Y，et al.DAGBENCH：a performance evaluation framework for DAG distributed ledgers[C]//2019 IEEE 12th International Conference on Cloud Computing，2019：264-271.
[16] LEMAHIEU C.Nano：a feeless distributed cryptocurrency network[EB/OL].（2018-03-24）[2022-10-30].https：//nano.org/en/whitepaper.
[17] WANG Q.Improving the scalability of blockchain through DAG[C]//Proceedings of the 20th International Middleware Conference Doctoral Symposium，2019：34-35.
[18] ZHOU T，LI X，ZHAO H.DLattice：a permission-less blockchain based on DPoS-BA-DAG consensus for data tokenization[J].IEEE Access，2019，7：39273-39287.
[19] WANG Q，WANG T，SHEN Z，et al.Re-Tangle：a ReRAM-based processing-in-memory architecture for transaction-based blockchain[C]//2019 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design，2019：1-8.
[20] FERRARO P，KING C，SHORTEN R.On the stability of unverified transactions in a DAG-based distributed ledger[J].IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control，2019，65（9）：3772-3783.
[21] SAAD A，PARK S Y.Decentralized directed acyclic graph based DLT network[C]//Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Omni-Layer Intelligent Systems，2019：158-163.
[22] GUPTA H，JANAKIRAM D.CDAG：a serialized blockDAG for permissioned blockchain[J].arXiv：1910.08547，2019.
[23] KAN J，CHEN S，HUANG X.Improve blockchain performance using graph data structure and parallel mining[C]//2018 1st IEEE International Conference on Hot Information-Centric Networking，2018：173-178.
[24] XIANG F，HUAIMIN W，PEICHANG S，et al.JointGraph：a DAG-based efficient consensus algorithm for consortium blockchains[J].Software：Practice and Experience，2021，51（10）：1987-1999.
[25] PERVEZ H，MUNEEB M，IRFAN M U，et al.A comparative analysis of DAG-based blockchain architectures[C]//2018 12th International Conference on Open Source Systems and Technologies，2018：27-34.
[26] CUI L，YANG S，CHEN Z，et al.An efficient and compacted DAG-based blockchain protocol for industrial Internet of Things[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics，2019，16（6）：4134-4145.
[27] NGUYEN Q，CRONJE A，KONG M，et al.StairDAG：cross-DAG validation for scalable BFT consensus[J].arXiv：1908.
11810，2019.
[28] GAO Y，LIU Y，WEN Q，et al.Secure drone network edge service architecture guaranteed by DAG-based blockchain for flying automation under 5G[J].Sensors，2020，20（21）：6209.
[29] WANG G，SHI Z J，NIXON M，et al.SOK：sharding on blockchain[C]//Proceedings of the 1st ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies，2019：41-61.
[30] YUN J，GOH Y，CHUNG J M.Trust-based shard distribution scheme for fault-tolerant shard blockchain networks[J].IEEE Access，2019，7：135164-135175.
[31] LUU L，NARAYANAN V，ZHENG C，et al.A secure sharding protocol for open blockchains[C]//Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security，2016：17-30.
[32] ZAMANI M，MOVAHEDI M，RAYKOVA M.RapidChain：scaling blockchain via full sharding[C]//Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security，2018：931-948.
[33] KOKORIS-KOGIAS E，JOVANOVIC P，GASSER L，et al.OmniLedger：a secure，scale-out，decentralized ledger via sharding[C]//2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy，2018：583-598.
[34] 黄华威，孔伟，彭肖文，等.区块链分片技术综述[J].计算机工程，2022，48（6）：1-10.
HUANG H W，KONG W，PENG X W，et al.Survey on blockchain sharding technology[J].Computer Engineering，2022，48（6）：1-10.
[35] HUANG H，PENG X，ZHAN J，et al.BrokerChain：a cross-shard blockchain protocol for account/balance-based state sharding[C]//IEEE INFOCOM 2022-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications，2022：1968-1977.
[36] HONG Z，GUO S，LI P，et al.Pyramid：a layered sharding blockchain system[C]//IEEE INFOCOM 2021-IEEE Conference on Computer Communications，2021：1-10.
[37] ZHENG P，XU Q，LUO X，et al.Aeolus：distributed execution of permissioned blockchain transactions via state sharding[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics，2022，18（12）：9227-9238.
[38] CHEN H，WANG Y.SSChain：a full sharding protocol for public blockchain without data migration overhead[J].Pervasive and Mobile Computing，2019，59：101055.
[39] WANG J，WANG H.Monoxide：scale out blockchains with asynchronous consensus zones[C]//16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation，2019：95-112.
[40] LIU Y，LIU J，LI D，et al.FleetChain：a secure scalable and responsive blockchain achieving optimal sharding[C]//20th International Conference on Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing.Cham：Springer，2020：409-425.
[41] KOCH M.Artificial intelligence is becoming natural[J].Cell，2018，173（3）：531-533.
[42] MAMOSHINA P，OJOMOKO L，YANOVICH Y，et al.Converging blockchain and next-generation artificial intelligence technologies to decentralize and accelerate biomedical research and healthcare[J].Oncotarget，2018，9（5）：5665-5690.
[43] WOODS J.Blockchain：rebalancing & amplifying the power of AI and machine learning（ML）[EB/OL].（2018-08-03）[2022-10-30].https：//medium.com/cryptooracle/blockchain-rebalancing-amplifying-the-power-of-ai-andmachine-learning-ml-af95616e9ad9.
[44] MNIH V，KAVUKCUOGLU K，SILVER D，et al.Playing Atari with deep reinforcement learning[J].arXiv：1312.5602，2013.
[45] LE N，RATHOUR V S，YAMAZAKI K，et al.Deep reinforcement learning in computer vision：a comprehensive survey[J].Artificial Intelligence Review，2022，55：2733-2819.
[46] LILLICRAP T P，HUNT J J，PRITZEL A，et al.Continuous control with deep reinforcement learning[J].arXiv：1509.02971，2015.
[47] HEESS N，WAYNE G，SILVER D，et al.Learning continuous control policies by stochastic value gradients[C]//Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems，2015：2944-2952.
[48] REZENDE D J，MOHAMED S，WIERSTRA D.Stochastic backpropagation and approximate inference in deep generative models[C]//Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Machine Learning，2014：1278-1286.
[49] MNIH V，BADIA A P，MIRZA M，et al.Asynchronous methods for deep reinforcement learning[C]//Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Machine Learning，2016：1928-1937.
[50] ZHANG M，LI J，CHEN Z，et al.An efficient and robust committee structure for sharding blockchain[J].IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing，2022.DOI：10.1109/TCC.
2022.3217856.
[51] HONG Z，GUO S，LI P.Scaling blockchain via layered sharding[J].IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications，2022，40（12）：3575-3588.
[52] ZHANG J，HONG Z，QIU X，et al.SkyChain：a deep reinforcement learning-empowered dynamic blockchain sharding system[C]//Proceedings of the 49th International Conference on Parallel Processing，2020：1-11.
[53] YUN J，GOH Y，CHUNG J M.DQN-based optimization framework for secure sharded blockchain systems[J].IEEE Internet of Things Journal，2020，8（2）：708-722.
[54] 温建伟，姚冰冰，万剑雄，等.结合深度强化学习的区块链分片系统性能优化[J].计算机工程与应用，2022，58（19）：116-123.
WEN J Y，YAO B B，WAN J X，et al.Performance optimization of blockchain sharding system combined with deep reinforcement learning[J].Computer Engineering and Applications，2022，58（19）：116-123.
[55] YANG Z X，YANG R Z，LI M，et al.A load balance optimization framework for sharded-blockchain enabled Internet of Things[J].High Technology Letters，2022，28（1）：10-20.
[56] DECKER C，WATTENHOFER R.A fast and scalable payment network with bitcoin duplex micropayment channels[C]//Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Stabilization，Safety，and Security of Distributed Systems.Cham：Springer，2015：3-18.
[57] KOGIAS E K，JOVANOVIC P，GAILLY N，et al.Enhancing bitcoin security and performance with strong consistency via collective signing[C]//25th USENIX Security Symposium，2016：279-296.
[58] QIU C，REN X，CAO Y，et al.Deep reinforcement learning empowered adaptivity for future blockchain networks[J].IEEE Open Journal of the Computer Society，2020，2：99-105.
[59] YANG L，LI M，SI P，et al.Energy-efficient resource allocation for blockchain-enabled industrial Internet of things with deep reinforcement learning[J].IEEE Internet of Things Journal，2020，8（4）：2318-2329.
[60] LIU M，YU F R，TENG Y，et al.Performance optimization for blockchain-enabled industrial Internet of things（IIoT） systems：a deep reinforcement learning approach[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics，2019，15（6）：3559-3570.
[61] LIU M，TENG Y，YU F R，et al.Deep reinforcement learning based performance optimization in blockchain-enabled Internet of vehicle[C]//2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications，2019：1-6.
[62] LUO J，CHEN Q，YU F R，et al.Blockchain-enabled software-defined industrial Internet of things with deep reinforcement learning[J].IEEE Internet of Things Journal，2020，7（6）：5466-5480.
[63] LIU P，YAO C，LI C，et al.A caching-enabled permissioned blockchain framework for industrial Internet of things based on deep reinforcement learning[J].Research Square，2022.DOI：10.21203/rs.3.rs-1497139/v1.
[64] LIN H，GARG S，HU J，et al.Blockchain and deep reinforcement learning empowered spatial crowdsourcing in software-defined Internet of vehicles[J].IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems，2020，22（6）：3755-3764.
[65] DAI H N，ZHENG Z，ZHANG Y.Blockchain for Internet of things：a survey[J].IEEE Internet of Things Journal，2019，6（5）：8076-8094.
[66] LU Y，HUANG X，ZHANG K，et al.Blockchain empowered asynchronous federated learning for secure data sharing in Internet of vehicles[J].IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology，2020，69（4）：4298-4311.
[67] QIU X，LIU L，CHEN W，et al.Online deep reinforcement learning for computation offloading in blockchain-empowered mobile edge computing[J].IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology，2019，68（8）：8050-8062.
[68] BTC.BTC relay documentation[EB/OL].（2020-12-29）[2022-10-30].https：//btcrelay.readthedocs.io/en/latest/frequenlyaskedquestions.html.
[69] POONJ B.Plasma：scalable autonomous smartconG tracts[EB/OL].（2017-08-11）[2022-10-30].https：//www.plasma.io/plasGmaGdeprecated.pdf.
[70] ETHHUB.ZK-Rollups[EB/OL].（2020-12-29）[2022-10-30].https：//docs.ethhub.io/ethereum-roadmap/layer-2-scaling/zk-rollups.
[71] SINGH A，CLICK K，PARIZI R M，et al.Sidechain technologies in blockchain networks：an examination and state-of-the-art review[J].Journal of Network and Computer Applications，2020，149：102471.
[72] KAPPOS G，YOUSAF H，PIOTROWSKA A，et al.An empirical analysis of privacy in the lightning network[C]//25th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security，Mar 1-5，2021，Berlin，Heidelberg：Springer，2021：167-186.
[73] NETWORK R.What is the raiden network?[EB/OL].（2018-12-22）[2022-10-30].https：//raiden.network/101.html.
[74] DZIEMBOWSKI S，ECKEY L，FAUST S，et al.Perun：virtual payment hubs over cryptocurrencies[C]//2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy，2019：106-123.
[75] EGGER C，MORENO-SANCHEZ P，MAFFEI M.Atomic multi-channel updates with constant collateral in bitcoin-compatible payment-channel networks[C]//Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security，2019：801-815.
[76] PAN C，TANG S，GE Z，et al.Gnocchi：multiplexed payment channels for cryptocurrencies[C]//Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Network and System Security.Cham：Springer，2019：488-503.
[77] 葛钟慧，张奕，龙宇，等.一种支持高并发的多人链下支付方案[J].计算机学报，2021，44（1）：132-146.
GE Z H，ZHANG Y，LONG Y，et al.A high-concurrency multi-person off-chain payment scheme[J].Chinese Journal of Computers，2021，44（1）：132-146.
[78] GRUNSPAN C，PéREZ-MARCO R.Ant routing algorithm for the lightning network[J].arXiv：1807.00151，2018.
[79] PRIHODKO P，ZHIGULIN S，SAHNO M，et al.Flare：an approach to routing in lightning network[J].White Paper，2016：144.
[80] ROOS S，MORENO-SANCHEZ P，KATE A，et al.Settling payments fast and private：efficient decentralized routing for path-based transactions[J].arXiv：1709.05748，2017.
[81] DONG M，LIANG Q，LI X，et al.Celer network：bring Internet scale to every blockchain[J].arXiv：1810.00037，2018.
[82] YU R，XUE G，KILARI V T，et al.Coinexpress：a fast payment routing mechanism in blockchain-based payment channel networks[C]//2018 27th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks，2018：1-9.
[83] SIVARAMAN V，VENKATAKRISHNAN S B，RUAN K，et al.High throughput cryptocurrency routing in payment channel networks[C]//17th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation，2020：777-796.