分级安全二维码下区块链溯源方案设计

doi:10.3778/j.issn.1002-8331.2110-0011

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 食品安全溯源体系对食品安全保障以及食品行业自我约束具有重要的意义。现有各类结合区块链的溯源方案，存在各通信节点间的数据存储和验证安全强度不够的问题。部分方案虽然在节点间使用RFID实现访问控制，可防止信息被篡改，但成本过高且缺少节点间的身份验证。另一些方案在节点间使用二维码技术记录溯源信息。该类措施虽然可降低成本，但普通二维码具有信息公开性，不能存储机密数据。针对食品安全溯源，提出了基于区块链技术和二级二维码的新型溯源方案。设计了一个安全的二级二维码，用于解决节点间的数据通信安全问题，进而提出了一种分级安全的二维码下基于区块链的溯源方案。在该方案中，管理者通过溯源成员上传的身份签名来验证其合法性。只有合法成员可上传二维码信息，其他系统参与者可提取合法成员上传的群签名来确认二维码中存储信息的完整性。相较于使用RFID和普通二维码的溯源方案，在节点间实现了信息防篡改和身份认证的功能，以解决节点交易过程中的信息安全问题。

关键词: 二级二维码, 群签名, 椭圆曲线数字签名算法（ECDSA）, 区块链

Abstract: Food safety traceability system is of great significance to food safety and self-restraint of the food industry. Some existing traceability schemes that based on block chains have the problem of insufficient security for data storage and verification among communication nodes. Although some schemes use RFID to realize the access control between nodes, which can prevent information from being tampered with, the cost is too high and there is a lack of authentication between nodes. Some other schemes use QR code to record traceability information between nodes. Although such measures can reduce the cost, ordinary two-dimensional code cannot store confidential data. In this paper, a new traceability scheme based on block chain technology and secondary QR code is proposed for food safety traceability. A secure two-level QR code is designed to solve the security problem of data communication between nodes, and then a blockchain traceability scheme based on hierarchical secure QR code is proposed. In this scheme, the manager can verify the legitimacy of the member’s identity through the signature uploaded by members. Only legal members can upload QR code information. Other system participants can extract the group signature uploaded by the legal members to confirm the integrity of the information stored in the QR code. Compared with the traceability scheme using RFID and ordinary QR code, this paper realizes the functions of information tamper proof and identity authentication between nodes to solve the problem of information security in the process of node transaction.

Key words: two level QR code, group signature, elliptic curve digital signature algorithm（ECDSA）, blockchain

张晓宇, 张丽娜. 分级安全二维码下区块链溯源方案设计[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2022, 58(20): 98-107.

ZHANG Xiaoyu, ZHANG Lina. Blockchain Traceability Scheme Based on Hierarchical Security QR Code[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 2022, 58(20): 98-107.

参考文献

[1] OPARA L U，MAZAUD F.Food traceability from field to plate[J].Outlook on Agriculture，2001，30（4）：239-247.
[2] FABRIZIO D，GAY P.Food traceability systems：performance evaluation and optimization[J].Computers & Electronics in Agriculture，2011，75（1）：139-146.
[3] SALAH K，NIZAMUDDIN N，JAYARAMAN R，et al.Blockchain-based soybean traceability in agricultural supply chain[J].IEEE Access，2019，7：73295-73305.
[4] TIAN F.An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID & blockchain technology[C]//International Conference on Service Systems & Service Management，Kunming.New York：IEEE，2016：1-6.
[5] KATZENBEISSER S，PETITOLAS F.Information hiding techniques for steganography and digital watermaking[J].EDPACS the EDP Audit，Control and Security Newsletter，1999，28（6）：1-2.
[6] ZHANG X，WANG S.Efficient steganographic embedding by exploiting modification direction[J].IEEE Communications Letters，2006，10（11）：781-783.
[7] GAO M，SUN B.Blind watermark algorithm based on QR barcode[J].Foundations of Intelligent Systems，2011，52：457-462.
[8] LIN P Y.Distributed secret sharing approach with cheater prevention based on QR code[J].IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics，2016：384-392.
[9] TKACHENKO I，PUECH W，DESTRUEL C，et al.Two-level QR code for private message sharing and document authentication[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics & Security，2015，11（3）：571-583.
[10] WAN S，LU Y，YAN X，et al.Visual secret sharing scheme for （k，n） threshold based on QR code with multiple decryptions[J].Journal of Real-Time Image Processing，2018，14：25-40.
[11] FU Z，CHENG Y，LIU S，et al.A new two-level information protection scheme based on visual cryptography and QR code with multiple decryptions[J].Measurement，2019，141：267-276.
[12] LIN P Y，CHEN Y H.High payload secret hiding technology for QR codes[J].EURASIP Journal on Image and Video Processing，2017，14：1-8.
[13] CHU H K，CHANG C S，LEE R R，et al.Halftone QR codes[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics，2013，32（6）：1-8.
[14] 郁滨.基于快速响应码的灰度视觉密码方案设计[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学学报，2020，32（4）：635-642.
YU B.Gray visual cryptography scheme design based on fast response code[J].Journal of Computer-Aided Design and Computer Graphics，2020，32（4）：635-642.
[15] LIU S，FU Z，YU B.A two-level QR code scheme based on polynomial secret sharing[J].Multimedia Tools and Applications，2019，78（15）：21291-21308.
[16] QIU Z B，MENG X Y，GONG D D，et al.An improved group signature scheme for elliptic curves[J].Progress in Applied Mathematics，2021，10（6）：1880-1886.
[17] 潘晓君.一种新的基于椭圆曲线的数字签名方案[J].计算机系统应用，2008（1）：35-37.
PAN X J.A new digital signature scheme based on elliptic curve[J].Computer Systems and Application，2008（1）：35-37.
[18] 肖帅，王绪安，潘峰.无模逆运算的椭圆曲线数字签名算法[J].计算机工程与应用，2020，56（11）：118-123.
XIAO S，WANG X A，PAN F.Elliptic curve digital signature algorithm without modular inverse operation[J].Computer Engineering and Applications，2020，56（11）：118-123.
[19] CHAUM D，HEYST E V.Group signatures[C]//Advances in Cryptology—EUROCRYPT’91，1991：257-265.
[20] BELLARE M，SHI H，ZHANG C.Foundations of group signatures：the case of dynamic groups[C]//Advances in Cryptology-EUROCRYPT 2003，International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques，Warsaw，Poland，2005：614-629.
[21] YU B，FU Z，LIU S.A novel three-layer QR code based on secret sharing scheme and liner code[J].Security and Communication Networks，2019（5）：1-13.
[22] HAO J T，SUN Y，LUO H.A safe and efficient storage scheme based on blockchain and IPFs for agricultural products tracking[J].Journal of Computers（Taiwan），2018，29（6）：158-167.
[23] WANG S，TANG X，ZHANG Y，et al.Auditable protocols for fair payment and physical asset delivery based on smart contracts[J].IEEE Access，2019，7：109439-109453.
[24] WANG S，ZHANG Y，ZHANG Y L.A blockchain-based framework for data sharing with fine-grained access control in decentralized storage systems[J].IEEE Access，2018，6：38437-38450.