基于最短欧氏距离替换码元的VoIP隐写算法

doi:10.3778/j.issn.1002-8331.2102-0291

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 信息隐藏的首要目标是不被感知，降低修改率是提高不可见性、实现不可感知的有效方法。根据对载体修改越少，隐写越不可被感知的基本原则，提出了一种基于最短欧氏距离替换码元的VoIP隐写方法，通过降低对载体的修改数量，提高隐写效率，达到了在不降低音频质量的前提下提高隐写不可见性的目的。该方法给出隐写单元的定义后，计算隐写单元中对应线性预测编码（linear predictive coding，LPC）值与秘密消息的欧氏距离，用秘密消息替换具有最短距离的LPC值，并将被替换的LPC值所在位置进行标记，使用互补邻节点方法隐写位置信息，实现秘密消息隐藏。对提出的算法进行了性能分析与对比，实验结果表明，该方法具有较高的隐写效率，隐写修改率降低至22.7%，KL散度值表明其安全性较好，PESQ值在4.0以上，表明语音质量较好。

关键词: 欧氏距离, 信息隐藏, 码元替换, 音频隐写, VoIP隐写

Abstract: Imperceptibility is the primary goal of information hiding technology, reducing the modification rate is an effective way to improve imperceptibility. The codeword replacement based on shortest Euclidean distance for VoIP steganography is proposed based on the principle that the less modification to a cover will achieve the high imperceptibility, which decreases the modification to a cover and improves the steganography efficiency, thus the invisibility of steganography is enhanced without reducing the quality. After a steganography unit is defined, the Euclidean distance between the secret message and the linear predictive coding（LPC） parameters in the unit is calculated, and the LPC parameter with the shortest distance is selected and replaced by the secret message. The complementary neighbor vertex（CNV） method is employed to indicate which LPC parameters are modified. Compared with other methods, the experimental results show that the proposed method has higher steganography efficiency, its steganography modification rate reduce to 22.7%, its KL divergence indicates the better security, and its PESQ exceeds 4.0, which shows good speech quality.

Key words: Euclidean distance, information hiding, codeword replacement, audio steganography, VoIP steganography

孙鑫昊, 王开西. 基于最短欧氏距离替换码元的VoIP隐写算法[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2022, 58(13): 128-134.

SUN Xinhao, WANG Kaixi. Codeword Replacement Based on Shortest Euclidean Distance for VoIP Steganography[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 2022, 58(13): 128-134.

参考文献

[1] SHANNON C E.Communication theory of secrecy systems[J].Bell System Technical Journal，1949，28（4）：656-715.
[2] 刘小康，田晖，刘杰，等.IP语音隐写及隐写分析研究[J].重庆邮电大学学报（自然科学版），2019，31（3）：407-419.
LIU X K，TIAN H，LIU J，et al.Survey for voice-over-IP steganography and steganalysis[J].Journal of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications（Natural science Edition），2019，31（3）：407-419.
[3] XIAO B，HUANG Y F，TANG S.An approach to information hiding in low bit-rate speech stream[C]//Proceedings of 2008 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference，2008：1-5.
[4] TIAN H，LIU J，LI S B.Improving security of quantization-index-modulation steganography in low bit-rate speech streams[J].Multimedia Systems，2014，20（2）：143-154.
[5] YAN S，TANG G，SUN Y，et al.A triple-layer steganography scheme for low bit-rate speech streams[J].Multimedia Tools and Applications，2015，74：11763-11782.
[6] 刘程浩，柏森，黄永蜂，等.一种基于G729a基音预测的信息隐藏算法[C]//第十届全国信息隐藏暨多媒体信息安全学术大会CIHW2012论文集，北京，2012：15-18.
LIU C H，BAI S，HUANG Y F，et al.An information hiding algorithm based on G729a pitch prediction[C]//Proceedings of China Information Hiding Workshop，Beijing，2012：15-18.
[7] SU Y M，HUANG Y F，LI X.Steganography-oriented noisy resistance model of G.729a[C]//Proceedings of Conference on Computational Engineering in Systems Applications，2007：11-15.
[8] LIU L，LI M，LI Q，et al.Perceptually transparent information hiding in G.729 bitstream[C]//Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing，2008：406-409.
[9] XU T T，YANG Z.Simple and effective speech steganography in G.723.1 low-rate codes[C]//Proceedings of 2009 International Conference on Wireless Communications & Signal Processing，2009：1-4.
[10] YANG D，BAI S，SHU G B，et al.Information hiding algorithm of G.723.1 high-rate speech flow[J].Computer Engineering，2011，37（22）：114-115.
[11] TIAN H，ZHOU K，JIANG H，et al.An m-sequence based steganography model for voice over IP[C]//Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications.New York：IEEE Press，2009：1-5.
[12] CHEN B，WORNELL G W.Quantization index modulation：A class of provably good methods for digital watermarking and information embedding[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Theory，2001，47（4）：1423-1443.
[13] 陈铭，张茹，刘凡凡，等.基于DCT域QIM的音频信息伪装算法[J].通信学报，2009，30（8）：105-111.
CHEN M，ZHANG R，LIU F F，et al.Audio steganography by quantization index modulation in the DCT domain[J].Journal on Communications，2009，30（8）：105-111.
[14] 周围，田茂，陈小莉，等.自适应量化索引调制音频信息隐藏算法[J].电子测量技术，2018，41（4）：107-111.
ZHOU W，TIAN M，CHEN X L，et al.Adaptive quantitative index modulation audio information hiding algorithm[J].Electronic Measurement Technology，2018，41（4）：107-111.
[15] 赵力.语音信号处理[M].北京：机械工业出版社，2016：2016：31-95.
ZHAO L.Speech signal processing[M].Beijing：China Machine Press，2016：31-95.
[16] 马兰，沈笑云，万棣.精通Visual C++视频/音频编解码技术[M].北京：人民邮电出版社，2008：253-372.
MA L，SHEN X Y，WAN D.Proficient in Visual C++ video/audio codec technology[M].Beijing：Posts & Telecom Press，2008：253-372.
[17] LIN Z N，HUANG Y F，WANG J L.RNN-SM：Fast steganalysis of VoIP streams using recurrent neural network[J].IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security，2018，13（7）：1854-1868.
[18] 王翠平，郭立，王昱洁，等.音频DCT系数分布函数的建模[J].中国科学院研究生院学报，2011，28（6）：752-758.
WANG C P，GUO L，WANG Y J，et al.Distributions of audio DCT coefficients[J].Journal of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，2011，28（6）：752-758.