基于区块链的数据共享激励机制研究综述

doi:10.3778/j.issn.1002-8331.2501-0262

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 在区块链数据共享中，激励机制可以解决用户不愿参与共享的问题，是促进数据要素流通，提升数据共享效率的重要机制之一。因此，系统地梳理了当前基于区块链的数据共享激励机制相关研究。对区块链技术和区块链数据共享一般模型进行了介绍。从激励类型出发，综述了收益激励、声誉激励、“收益+声誉”激励、权利激励等不同激励类型如何解决用户不愿共享的问题。从激励机制实现方法的角度，分析了Stackelberg博弈、Shapley值、演化博弈、契约理论、拍卖理论等不同方法在数据共享过程中实现用户激励的方式、优点和不足；探讨了现有激励机制相关研究面临的挑战和未来的研究方向。

关键词: 区块链, 数据共享, 激励机制

Abstract: In blockchain-based data sharing, incentive mechanisms can address the issue of users?? reluctance to participate in sharing, and it is one of the important mechanisms for promoting the circulation of data elements and improving the efficiency of data sharing. This study systematically reviews the current research on incentive mechanisms for blockchain-based data sharing. The blockchain technology and the general model of blockchain data sharing are introduced. Starting from the types of incentives, it reviews how different incentive types such as revenue-based incentives, reputation-based incentives, “revenue+reputation” based incentives, and power-based incentives solve the problem of users?? unwillingness to share. From the perspective of the implementation methods of incentive mechanisms, it analyzes examines how different methods such as Stackelberg game, Shapley value, evolutionary game, contract theory, and auction theory achieve user incentives in the data sharing process, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. It also explores the challenges faced by existing research on incentive mechanisms and future research directions.

Key words: blockchain, data sharing, incentive mechanism

敖日格乐, 李雷孝, 杜金泽. 基于区块链的数据共享激励机制研究综述[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2025, 61(18): 78-98.

Aorigele, LI Leixiao, DU Jinze. Survey of Blockchain Based Data Sharing Incentive Mechanism[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 2025, 61(18): 78-98.

参考文献

[1] RAJASEKARAN A S, AZEES M, AL-TURJMAN F. A comprehensive survey on blockchain technology[J]. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2022, 52: 102039.
[2] QI M F, WANG Z Y, HAN Q L, et al. Privacy protection for blockchain-based healthcare IoT systems: a survey[J]. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 2024, 11(8): 1757-1776.
[3] ALSAMHI S H, MYRZASHOVA R, HAWBANI A, et al. Federated learning meets blockchain in decentralized data sharing: healthcare use case[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2024, 11(11): 19602-19615.
[4] 张天祥, 李雷孝, 刘东江, 等. 区块链激励机制在车联网领域的应用研究综述[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2023, 59(9): 59-74.
ZHANG T X, LI L X, LIU D J, et al. Survey on application and research of blockchain incentive mechanism in Internet of vehicles[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications, 2023, 59(9): 59-74.
[5] SHANG F J, DENG X X. A data sharing scheme based on blockchain for privacy protection certification of Internet of vehicles[J]. Vehicular Communications, 2025, 51: 100864.
[6] LI T, LIU A F, ZHANG S B, et al. TCDT: a trust-enabled crowdsourced data trading system in intelligent blockchain over Internet of things[J]. Expert Systems with Applications, 2025, 265: 125968.
[7] FAN K, LU H R, BAI Y H, et al. SC-chain: an efficient blockchain framework for smart city[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2024, 11(5): 7863-7877.
[8] SHAHIDINEJAD A, ABAWAJY J, HUDA S. Highly-secure yet efficient blockchain-based CRL-free key management protocol for IoT-enabled smart grid environments[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2024, 19: 6738-6750.
[9] HAN R, YAN Z, LIANG X Q, et al. How can incentive mechanisms and blockchain benefit with each other? a survey[J]. ACM Computing Surveys, 2023, 55(7): 1-38.
[10] NAKAMOTO S. Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system[EB/OL]. (2008-10-31)[2025-01-03]. https://nakamotoinstitute.org/library/bitcoin/.
[11] BOURAGA S. A taxonomy of blockchain consensus protocols: a survey and classification framework[J]. Expert Systems with Applications, 2021, 168: 114384.
[12] XU J, WANG C, JIA X H. A survey of blockchain consensus protocols[J]. ACM Computing Surveys, 2023, 55(13s): 1-35.
[13] GUO Z H, GAO Z, LIU Q, et al. RNS-based adaptive compression scheme for the block data in the blockchain for IIoT[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2022, 18(12): 9239-9249.
[14] ZHOU Z, TIAN Y L, XIONG J B, et al. Blockchain-enabled secure and trusted federated data sharing in IIoT[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2023, 19(5): 6669-6681.
[15] LI X Y, ZHAO H M, DENG W. BFOD: blockchain-based privacy protection and security sharing scheme of flight operation data[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2023, 11(2): 3392-3401.
[16] KALAPAAKING A P, KHALIL I, RAHMAN M S, et al. Blockchain-based federated learning with secure aggregation in trusted execution environment for Internet-of-things[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2023, 19(2): 1703-1714.
[17] AN B Y, XIAO M J, LIU A, et al. Secure crowdsensed data trading based on blockchain[J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2023, 22(3): 1763-1778.
[18] TAO X Y, WONG P K, XU Y Q, et al. Smart contract swarm and multi-branch structure for secure and efficient BIM versioning in blockchain-aided common data environment[J]. Computers in Industry, 2023, 149: 103922.
[19] SONI P, ISLAM S H, PAL A K, et al. Blockchain-based user authentication and data-sharing framework for healthcare industries[J]. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, 2024, 11(4): 3623-3638.
[20] LIU J W, FAN Y, SUN R, et al. Blockchain-aided privacy-preserving medical data sharing scheme for E-healthcare system[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2023, 10(24): 21377-21388.
[21] ZHANG C, ZHAO M Y, ZHU L H, et al. FRUIT: a blockchain-based efficient and privacy-preserving quality-aware incentive scheme[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2022, 40(12): 3343-3357.
[22] WU T, WANG W J, ZHANG C, et al. Blockchain-based anonymous data sharing with accountability for Internet of Things[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2023, 10(6): 5461-5475.
[23] MAJEED A, HWANG S O. Differential privacy and k-anonymity-based privacy preserving data publishing scheme with minimal loss of statistical information[J]. IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, 2024, 11(3): 3753-3765.
[24] SAI S, HASSIJA V, CHAMOLA V, et al. Federated learning and NFT-based privacy-preserving medical-data-sharing scheme for intelligent diagnosis in smart healthcare[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2023, 11(4): 5568-5577.
[25] XIE H, ZHENG J, HE T, et al. TEBDS: a trusted execution environment-and-blockchain-supported IoT data sharing system[J]. Future Generation Computer Systems, 2023, 140: 321-330.
[26] YANG W, HOU C Q, ZHANG Z M, et al. Secure and efficient data sharing for IoT based on blockchain and reputation mechanism[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2024, 11(11): 20631-20647.
[27] ZHANG C, SHEN T, BAI F H. Toward secure data sharing for the IoT devices with limited resources: a smart contract-based quality-driven incentive mechanism[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2023, 10(14): 12012-12024.
[28] OKEGBILE S D, CAI J, CHEN J Y, et al. A reputation-enhanced shard-based Byzantine fault-tolerant scheme for secure data sharing in zero trust human digital twin systems[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2024, 11(12): 22726-22741.
[29] MAKHDOOM I, ZHOU I, ABOLHASAN M, et al. PrivySharing: a blockchain-based framework for privacy-preserving and secure data sharing in smart cities[J]. Computers & Security, 2020, 88: 101653.
[30] AHMAD AL-ZAHRANI F. Subscription-based data-sharing model using blockchain and data as a service[J]. IEEE Access, 2020, 8: 115966-115981.
[31] MOHANTY S K, TRIPATHY S. SIoVChain: time-lock contract based privacy-preserving data sharing in SIoV[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2022, 23(12): 24071-24082.
[32] ZHANG D, WANG S P, ZHANG Q, et al. Attribute based conjunctive keywords search with verifiability and fair payment using blockchain[J]. IEEE Transactions on Services Computing, 2023, 16(6): 4168-4182.
[33] ZHENG W, WU Y, WU X X, et al. A survey of intel SGX and its applications[J]. Frontiers of Computer Science, 2020, 15(3): 153808.
[34] BATTAH A A, MADINE M M, ALZAABI H, et al. Blockchain-based multi-party authorization for accessing IPFS encrypted data[J]. IEEE Access, 2020, 8: 196813-196825.
[35] MADINE M M, BATTAH A A, YAQOOB I, et al. Blockchain for giving patients control over their medical records[J]. IEEE Access, 2020, 8: 193102-193115.
[36] MADINE M M, SALAH K, JAYARAMAN R, et al. Fully decentralized multi-party consent management for secure sharing of patient health records[J]. IEEE Access, 2020, 8: 225777-225791.
[37] ROUHANI S, DETERS R. Data trust framework using blockchain technology and adaptive transaction validation[J]. IEEE Access, 2021, 9: 90379-90391.
[38] LEE S, SEO S H. Design of a two layered blockchain-based reputation system in vehicular networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2022, 71(2): 1209-1223.
[39] ISMAIL R, J?SANG A. The Beta reputation system[C]//Bled eConference, 2002.
[40] ZHANG X F, XIA W B, CUI Q M, et al. Efficient and trusted data sharing in a sharding-enabled vehicular blockchain[J]. IEEE Network, 2022, 37(2): 230-237.
[41] YANG Z G, WANG R Y, WU D P, et al. Blockchain-enabled trust management model for the Internet of vehicles[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2023, 10(14): 12044-12054.
[42] SUO D J, MO B C, ZHAO J H, et al. Proof of travel for trust-based data validation in V2I communication[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2023, 10(11): 9565-9584.
[43] WU L, LI X, ZHAO R, et al. A blockchain-based model with an incentive mechanism for cross-border logistics supervision and data sharing in modular construction[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 375: 133460.
[44] CHEN C, WANG C, QIU T, et al. A secure content sharing scheme based on blockchain in vehicular named data networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2020, 16(5): 3278-3289.
[45] ZOU R P, LV X X, ZHAO J S. SPChain: blockchain-based medical data sharing and privacy-preserving eHealth system[J]. Information Processing & Management, 2021, 58(4): 102604.
[46] YU J S, KOZHAYA D, DECOUCHANT J, et al. RepuCoin: your reputation is your power[J]. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 2019, 68(8): 1225-1237.
[47] ALAMER A M A. A secure and privacy blockchain-based data sharing scheme in mobile edge caching system[J]. Expert Systems with Applications, 2024, 237: 121572.
[48] NAZ M, AL-ZAHRANI F A, KHALID R, et al. A secure data sharing platform using blockchain and interplanetary file system[J]. Sustainability, 2019, 11(24): 7054.
[49] ZHANG F, GUO S Y, QIU X S, et al. Federated learning meets blockchain: state channel-based distributed data-sharing trust supervision mechanism[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2023, 10(14): 12066-12076.
[50] XU G X, ZHOU Z J, DONG J N, et al. A blockchain-based federated learning scheme for data sharing in industrial Internet of Things[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2023, 10(24): 21467-21478.
[51] ZHOU Y J, CAO Z F, DONG X L, et al. BLDSS: a blockchain-based lightweight searchable data sharing scheme in vehicular social networks[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2023, 10(9): 7974-7992.
[52] JAVED M U, JAVAID N, MALIK M W, et al. Blockchain based secure, efficient and coordinated energy trading and data sharing between electric vehicles[J]. Cluster Computing, 2022, 25(3): 1839-1867.
[53] REN Z X, YAN E H, CHEN T W, et al. Blockchain-based CP-ABE data sharing and privacy-preserving scheme using distributed KMS and zero-knowledge proof[J]. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences, 2024, 36(3): 101969.
[54] LIU Y, LIU P, JING W P, et al. PD2S: a privacy-preserving differentiated data sharing scheme based on blockchain and federated learning[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2023, 10(24): 21489-21501.
[55] LI C Y, DONG M X, LI J, et al. Healthchain: secure EMRs management and trading in distributed healthcare service system[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2021, 8(9): 7192-7202.
[56] LI C L, ZHANG Y, WU J Y, et al. Smart contract-based decentralized data sharing and content delivery for intelligent connected vehicles in edge computing[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2024, 25(10): 14535-14545.
[57] SUN J, FANG W, WU X J, et al. Quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization: analysis of individual particle behavior and parameter selection[J]. Evolutionary Computation, 2012, 20(3): 349-393.
[58] JIANG Y N, ZHONG Y, GE X H. IIoT data sharing based on blockchain: a multileader multifollower Stackelberg game approach[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2021, 9(6): 4396-4410.
[59] HAN D R. A survey on some recent developments of alternating direction method of multipliers[J]. Journal of the Operations Research Society of China, 2022, 10(1): 1-52.
[60] WANG Y T, SU Z, XU Q C, et al. A secure and intelligent data sharing scheme for UAV-assisted disaster rescue[J]. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2023, 31(6): 2422-2438.
[61] XIE L, SU Z, CHEN N, et al. A secure and efficient data sharing scheme for UAV networks: integration of blockchain and prospect theory[J]. IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering, 2024, 11(4): 3260-3275.
[62] EDWARDS K D. Prospect theory: a literature review[J]. International Review of Financial Analysis, 1996, 5(1): 19-38.
[63] SHEN M, DUAN J X, ZHU L H, et al. Blockchain-based incentives for secure and collaborative data sharing in multiple clouds[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2020, 38(6): 1229-1241.
[64] NGUYEN L D, HOANG J, WANG Q, et al. BDSP: a fair blockchain-enabled framework for privacy-enhanced enterprise data sharing[C]//Proceedings of the 2023 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency. Piscataway: IEEE, 2023: 1-9.
[65] CHENG Z W, LIU Y, WU C, et al. PoShapley-BCFL: a fair and robust decentralized federated learning based on blockchain and the proof of shapley-value[C]//Proceedings of the International Conference on Neural Information Processing. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023: 531-549.
[66] WANG Z X, YAN B W, DONG A M. Blockchain empowered federated learning for data sharing incentive mechanism[J]. Procedia Computer Science, 2022, 202: 348-353.
[67] RIZWAN M, SOHAIL M N, ASHERALIEVA A, et al. SAID: ECC-based secure authentication and incentive distribution mechanism for blockchain-enabled data sharing system[C]//Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain. Piscataway: IEEE, 2021: 530-537.
[68] SOHAIL M N, ANJUM A, SAEED I A, et al. Optimizing industrial IoT data security through blockchain-enabled incentive-driven game theoretic approach for data sharing[J]. IEEE Access, 2024, 12: 51176-51192.
[69] XUAN S C, ZHENG L, CHUNG I, et al. An incentive mechanism for data sharing based on blockchain with smart contracts[J]. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 2020, 83: 106587.
[70] 张伯钧, 郭一晨, 王子凯, 等. 基于智能合约的数据共享激励机制研究[J]. 计算机工程, 2022, 48(8): 37-44.
ZHANG B J, GUO Y C, WANG Z K, et al. Research on data sharing incentive mechanism based on smart contract[J]. Computer Engineering, 2022, 48(8): 37-44.
[71] LIU R H, YU Y, HUANG M. A dynamic incentive mechanism for data sharing in manufacturing industry[J]. International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations, 2024, 15(1): 189-208.
[72] CLERC M. Discrete particle swarm optimization, illustrated by the traveling salesman problem[M]//New optimization techniques in engineering. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2004: 219-239.
[73] DUARTE A, MLADENOVI? N, SáNCHEZ-ORO J, et al. Variable neighborhood descent[M]//Handbook of heuristics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016: 1-27.
[74] CHEN Y R, ZHANG Y Y, WANG S W, et al. DIM-DS: dynamic incentive model for data sharing in federated learning based on smart contracts and evolutionary game theory[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2022, 9(23): 24572-24584.
[75] CHENG Z W, WANG B W, PAN Y Q, et al. Strategic analysis of participants in BCFL-enabled decentralized IoT data sharing[J]. Mathematics, 2023, 11(21): 4520.
[76] ZHU Y C. Research on evolutionary game of digital twin data information sharing based on blockchain technology[J]. Measurement and Control, 2025, 58(1): 24-49.
[77] 聂辉华. 契约理论的起源、发展和分歧[J]. 经济社会体制比较, 2017(1): 1-13.
NIE H H. Contract theory: original, development, and divergence[J]. Comparative Economic & Social Systems, 2017(1): 1-13.
[78] JIANG L, XIE S L, MAHARJAN S, et al. Joint transaction relaying and block verification optimization for blockchain empowered D2D communication[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2020, 69(1): 828-841.
[79] KANG J W, XIONG Z H, NIYATO D, et al. Toward secure blockchain-enabled Internet of vehicles: optimizing consensus management using reputation and contract theory[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2019, 68(3): 2906-2920.
[80] WANG Y T, SU Z, ZHANG N, et al. SPDS: a secure and auditable private data sharing scheme for smart grid based on blockchain[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2021, 17(11): 7688-7699.
[81] TAN C C, LI X H, GAO L X, et al. Digital twin enabled remote data sharing for Internet of vehicles: system and incentive design[J]. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2023, 72(10): 13474-13489.
[82] CHEN J T, FAROOQ J, ZHU Q Y. QoS-based contract design for profit maximization in IoT-enabled data markets[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2023, 10(11): 10080-10094.
[83] KIRK D E. Optimal control theory: an introduction[M]. [S.l.]: Dover Pubns, 2004.
[84] KANG J W, WEN J B, YE D D, et al. Blockchain-empowered federated learning for healthcare metaverses: user-centric incentive mechanism with optimal data freshness[J]. IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking, 2024, 10(1): 348-362.
[85] 江东, 袁野, 张小伟, 等. 数据定价与交易研究综述[J]. 软件学报, 2023, 34(3): 1396-1424.
JIANG D, YUAN Y, ZHANG X W, et al. Survey on data pricing and trading research[J]. Journal of Software, 2023, 34(3): 1396-1424.
[86] 蔡婷, 林晖, 陈武辉, 等. 区块链赋能的高效物联网数据激励共享方案[J]. 软件学报, 2021, 32(4): 953-972.
CAI T, LIN H, CHEN W H, et al. Efficient blockchain-empowered data sharing incentive scheme for Internet of things[J]. Journal of Software, 2021, 32(4): 953-972.
[87] AUSUBEL L M. An efficient ascending-bid auction for multiple objects[J]. The American Economic Review, 2004, 94(5): 1452-1475.
[88] DEVI A, RATHEE G, SAINI H. Secure blockchain-Internet of vehicles (B-IoV) mechanism using DPSO and M-ITA algorithms[J]. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 2022, 64: 103094.
[89] MAO M, YI P, HOU L L, et al. Smart contract-based resource allocation service mechanism for Internet of vehicles[J]. Expert Systems, 2023, 40(6): e13227.
[90] JIA X D, SONG X M, SOHAIL M. Effective consensus-based distributed auction scheme for secure data sharing in Internet of Things[J]. Symmetry, 2022, 14(8): 1664.
[91] LI D, GUO Q L, YANG C, et al. Trusted data sharing mechanism based on blockchain and federated learning in space-air-ground integrated networks[J]. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022, 2022(1): 5338876.
[92] CAI J, HUANG H H, MA C, et al. A blockchain-based privacy protecting framework with multi-channel access control model for asset trading[J]. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 2024, 17(5): 2810-2829.
[93] WANG B T, LI Z B, WANG S C, et al. Modeling bounded rationality in discretionary lane change with the quantal response equilibrium of game theory[J]. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 2022, 164: 145-161.
[94] KARWOWSKI J, MA?DZIUK J, ?YCHOWSKI A. Sequential Stackelberg games with bounded rationality[J]. Applied Soft Computing, 2023, 132: 109846.
[95] ZHU H, XIAO Y, WANG Z G, et al. A robust reputation iterative algorithm based on Z-statistics in a rating system with thorny objects[J]. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 2023, 74(6): 1600-1612.
[96] LIU C, HOU C K, JIANG T Y, et al. FACOS: enabling privacy protection through fine-grained access control with on-chain and off-chain system[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2024, 19: 7060-7074.